誰能幫忙介紹一下英語各個時態?包括區別和用法.

題目：

誰能幫忙介紹一下英語各個時態?包括區別和用法.

解答：

English Grammar:動詞的時態
英語共有16種時態,根據近幾年曝光的四、六級考卷分析, 時態測試重點主要有：完成時態——現在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時；進行時態——現在進行時、過去進行時、將來進行時、完成進行時；一般時態.
一、一般時態
1、一般現在時
(1)一般現在時表示沒有時限的持久存在的動作或狀態或現階段反覆發生的動作或狀態,常和副詞 usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week 等連謾＠?紓?
1）The moon moves round the earth..
2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day.
（2）在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment 以及 if,unless 等引導的時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中,通常用一般現在時代替將來時.例如：
1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow.
（3）某些表示起始的動詞,可用一般現在時表示按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作,這類動詞有：be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave 等.例如：
1）The plane leaves at three sharp.
2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow.
（4）在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as 等引導的從句中,也常用一般現在時代替將來時.例如：
1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2）You』ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow.
2．一般過去時
（1）表示過去某一特定時間所發生的、可完成的動作或狀態,常與表示確切過去時間的詞、短語或從句連用.例如：
We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film.
（2）表示過去習慣性動作.例如：
1）He always went to class last.
2）I used to do my homework in the library.
（注意與be used to doing短語的區別）
3．一般將來時
1）表示將來打算進行或期待發生的動作或狀態.例如：
I shall graduate next year.
2）幾種替代形式：
1）be going to +v在口語中廣泛使用,表示準備做或將發生的事情.例如：
I’m going to buy a house when we』ve saved enough money.
2）be to +v表示計劃安排要做的事,具有「必要」的強制性意義.例如：
I am to play tennis this afternoon.
3）be about to +v表示即將發生的事情.例如：
He was about to start.
4）be due to +v表示預先確定了的事, 必定發生的事.例如：
The train is due to depart in ten minutes.
5）be on the point/verge of +v – ing 強調即將發生的某種事態.例如：
The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home.
二、進行時態
1．現在進行時
（1）表示現在正在進行的動作,常與now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等連用.例如：
Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now.
（2）表示現階段經常發生的動作, 常與always,continually,forever,constantly等連用.例如：
My father is forever criticizing me.
（3）表示根據計劃或安排在最近要進行的事情.具有這種語法功能的動詞僅限於過渡性動詞.即表示從一個狀態或位置轉移到另一個狀態或位置上去的動詞.常用的有：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等.例如：
They are leaving for Hong Kong next month.
（4）有些動詞不能用進行時,這是一類表示「感覺,感情,存在,從屬」等的動詞.如：see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,（表示感覺的詞）；hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive（表示感情的動詞）；be,exist,remain,stay,obtain（表示存在狀態的動詞）；have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form（表示占有與從屬的動詞）；understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember（表示思考理解的動詞）.但是如果它們詞義改變,便也可用進行時態.例如：
1）Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
（look 在此爲聯繫動詞,意爲「顯得,看上去」）
2）Tom is looking for his books.
（look 在此爲實義動詞,意爲「尋找」）
2． 過去進行時
過去進行時表示一個過去的動作發生時或發生後,另一個過去的動作正在進行,或表示過去反覆的習慣,常與always,continually,constantly等動詞連用.例如：
1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered.
2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
3． 將來進行時
將來進行時主要表示將來某一時刻正在進行的動作,或表示要在將來某一時刻開始,並繼續下去的動作.常用來表示禮貌的詢問、請求等.例如：
1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.
2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening?
4． 完成進行時
（現在、過去、將來）完成進行時是（現在、過去、將來）完成時的強調形式,將放在完成時態部分講述.
三、完成時態
完成時態通常表示已完成或從事的動作.它可分爲：
1． 現在完成時
（1）現在完成時用來表示對目前狀況仍有影響的,剛剛完成的動作（常與yet,already,just連用）,或者過去某一時刻發生的,持續到現在的情況（常與for,since連用）.例如：
1）I have just finished my homework.
2）Mary has been ill for three days.
（2）常與現在完成時連用的時間狀語有：since, for, during, over等引導出的短語；副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；狀語詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等.例如：
1）I haven’t been there for five years.
2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation.
3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978.
（3）完成時態可用在下列結構中：
This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語從句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語從句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句.如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現在時,從句的謂語動詞通常用現在完成時；如果主句謂語動詞是一般過去時,從句謂語動詞通常用過去完成時.例如：
（1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.
（2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
2． 過去完成時
（1）表示過去某時間前已經發生的動作或情況,這個過去的時間可以用by,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示；或者表示一個動作在另一個過去動作之前已經完成.例如：
1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in.
2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
（2）動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過去完成時,表示過去的希望、預期、意圖或願望等沒有實現.例如：
I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.
另外兩種表示「過去想做而未做的事」的表達方式是：
1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如：
We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：
I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
（3）過去完成時常用於以下固定句型：
1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 過去完成時+ when + 過去時.例如：
Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move.
2）no sooner +過去完成時+ than +過去時.例如：
No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me.
3）by (the end of ) +過去時間,主句中謂語動詞用過去完成時.例如：
The experiment had been finished by 4 o』clock yesterday afternoon.
3． 將來完成時
將來完成時表示在將來某一時刻將完成或在另一個未來的動作發生之前已經完成的動作；也可以用來表示一種猜測.常與將來完成時連用的時間狀語有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來時間的短語和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示將來時間的詞語或句子；when, after等加上表示將來動作的句子等.例如：
1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o』clock.
3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.
4． 完成進行時
完成進行時是完成時的強調形式,有現在完成進行時,過去完成進行時,將來完成進行時.
（1）現在完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻.例如：
I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.
（2）過去完成進行時表示過去某一時刻之前開始的動作或狀態一直延續到過去某一時刻.例如：
It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.
（3）將來完成進行時表示在將來某一時刻之前開始的一個動作或狀態一直延續到將來某一時刻.例如：
By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours.
四：時態一致
時態一致是英語四、六級考試的一個重要內容.通常應由主句謂語的時態決定從句的謂語時態.一般原則是：
1、當主句謂語使用現在時或將來時,從句的謂語根據具體情況使用任何時態
He says that he lives in Wuhan.
We hope that there will be many people at your party today.
「Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?」 「Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.」
「There’s a lot of excitement on the street.」
「There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?」
2、當主句謂語使用過去時的時候,從句的謂語必須使用過去範圍的時態
He said he was writing a novel.
The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment.
He said his father had been an engineer.
3、當從句是表示沒有時間概念的真理時,從句的謂語應使用一般現在時.例如：
The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder.
註：在此種情況下,即使主句謂語用了過去式的各種時態,從句謂語也應用一般現在時.
4、從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣的情況
利用時態一致原則確定從句動詞時態時,還應注意,若主語動詞是表示命令、請求、要求、建議、勸告等的動詞,從句謂語只能用虛擬語氣,不能遵循時態一致原則.例如：
We insisted that we do it ourselves.
動詞的語態
語態也是動詞的一種形式,英語有兩種語態：主動語態和被動語態.主動語態表示主語是動作的執行者,而被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者.
1）We use electricity to run machines. （主動語態）
2）Electricity is used to run machines. （被動語態）
1． 不能用於被動語態的動詞和短語
（1）在英語中,不及物動詞不能用於被動語態,但有些不及物動詞（包括短語）容易引起誤用.如：appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of.
（2）某些表示狀態或特徵的及物動詞,如：become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也沒有被動語態.
2． 被動語態的時態形式
常用的被動語態有表1 所列的幾種時態形式.
表1
時間 一般時 進行時 完成時
現在 am asked am being asked
is asked is being asked
are asked are being asked
過去
was be asked was being asked
were be asked were being asked
將來 shall be asked shall have been asked
will be asked will have been asked
過去 should be asked should have been asked
將來 would be asked would have been asked
3． 短語動詞的被動語態
短語動詞轉換爲被動語態時,通常被看作是一個動詞,後面的介詞或副詞不能拆開或省略.例如：
1）So far no correct conclusion has arrived at.
2）All the rubbish should be got rid of.
4．「get + -ed分詞」的被動語態
「get + -ed分詞」結構強調動作的結果,而非動作本身,常用來表示突發性的,出乎意料的偶然事件.例如：
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
另外,「get + -ed分詞」還可用於談論爲自己做的事,是主動的行爲而不是被動的行爲.例如：
get dressed（穿衣服） get divorced（離婚）
get engaged（訂婚） get confused（迷惑不解）
get lost（迷路） get washed（洗臉）
get married（結婚）
5． 能帶兩個賓語和複合賓語的動詞改爲被動語態
（1） 能帶兩個賓語的動詞改爲被動語態時,一次只能由一個賓語作主語,另一個賓語被保留下來.例如：
1）We showed the visitors our new products.（主動語態）
2）The visitors were shown our new products.（被動語態）
3）Our new products were shown to the visitors.（被動語態）
（2）能帶複合賓語的動詞改爲被動語態時,原來的賓語補足語變爲主語補足語.例如：
1）The teacher appointed him League secretary.（主動語態）
2）He was appointed League secretary.（被動語態）
6． 被動語態與系表結構的區別
（1）The novel was well written.（系表結構）
（2）The novel was written by Diskens.（被動語態）
7． 少數動詞的主動語態有時有被動的意思
例1：The book is selling remarkably well.
例2：The song sounds very beautiful.
能這樣用的動詞還有read（讀起來）,clean（擦起來）,wash（洗起來）,write（寫起來）.
例3：My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned).
能像need這樣用的動詞還有：want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等.
例4：The meat is cooking.
例 5：The book written by the professor is printing.