高一英語必修四語法總結(外研社版)
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高一英語必修四語法總結(外研社版)
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您好, 高一英語必修四語法總結(外研社)
高一英語必修4
重要詞彙拓展
1 achievement n.成就,功績→achieve v.達到,完成,實現
2 welfare n 福利事業,福利
3. project n.方案, 計劃, 設計,工程, 企業, 事業,科研項目; 課外自修項目
vi. ①伸出, 突出 ②設想自已處身於(into)
4. specialist n.專家,專業工作者→special adj.特殊的,專門的→specialize vi.專攻,專門從事
5. connection n.連接,關係→connect v.連接
6. condition n. 狀況(不可數),條件(可數),環境(複數)on no condition 決不
7.organization n.組織,機構,團體 organize—vt.組織;籌備, 成立; 使加入工會,使有條理
8.behave v.舉止,表現→behavior n.行爲,舉止
9. shade n.陰涼處 v.遮住光線
10.▲ worthwhile adj.值得的,值得做的 It is worthwhile doing sth./ to do sth.
worth adj.值……,值得…… be worth doing
worthy adj.值得做的,可尊敬的 be worthy of sth/ being done be worthy to be done
11. observe v.觀察,觀測,遵守→observation n.觀察,觀測
12. respect v./n.尊敬,尊重,敬意→respectable adj.值得尊敬的,正派的,體面地→respectful adj.有禮貌的,恭敬的
13. argue .v.爭論,辯論→argument n.爭論,辯論 argued-adj 引起爭論的
14.entertainment-n 款待,娛樂 entertain-v 款待;招待,娛樂,抱有,懷著(想法、疑問)
15. crowd n.人羣,觀衆 v.擠滿,使擁擠→crowded adj.擁擠的
16. inspire v.鼓舞,激發→inspired adj.受到鼓舞的,有靈感的→inspiring adj.鼓舞人的→inspiration n.鼓舞,靈感
17 support v.支持,擁護→supporter n.支持者,擁護者
18.refer-vi 談到,查閱,參考
19.intend v.計劃,打算→intention n.打算,目的,意圖
20.considerate adj.考慮周到的→consider v.考慮,認爲
→consideration n考慮,體諒→considering prep考慮到
21.kind adj 仁慈的,和善的,友愛的kindness –n 仁慈,好意,善良
22.deliver v.遞送,生(小孩),接生,發表(演講等)→delivery n.投遞,交貨,分娩
23.modest adj 謙虛的,謙讓的,適度的
重點短語梳理
1 devote…to (doing) sth.把…奉獻給devote oneself to致力於,獻身於 be devoted to專心致志於
2 human beings 人類
3 move off 離開,啓程,出發
4 lead a…life 過著……的生活
5 crowd in 湧上心頭,湧入腦海
6 look down on/ upon 蔑視,瞧不起
7 refer to 查閱,參考,談到 (其中,to爲介詞)
8 by chance 碰巧,湊巧
9. come across 偶遇,碰見
10. carry on 繼續,堅持 carry out 實行,執行,完成
11. be dressed in 穿著… dress as 打扮成…
12.fight for 爲….而戰 fight against 與…戰鬥
13.put to death判死刑
14. concern oneself with…關注… 注意…
15.intend to do sth./ doing sth. 打算做某事
16. in the shade of 在…的樹蔭下,在…的庇護下
17.gain doctor’s degree 獲得博士學位
18. be considered as 被看做….
19.take turns to do sth 採取步驟做某事
20.do research on… 做…方面的研究
21.mean to do 打算做某事 mean doing 意味著
22. by now 直到現在
重點句型再現
1 She spent years observing and recording their daily activities.
她花去多年的時間觀察和記錄它們的日常活動.
(spend+時間/金錢+doing sth 花時間或金錢去做某事)
2 Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她的母親頭幾個月來幫過她的忙;這才使她得以開始自己的計劃.
(only位於句首並修飾狀語,句子要發生部分倒裝,將助動詞或聯繫動詞置於主語之前)
3 Following Jane’s way of studing chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.
我們一行人將按照Jane研究猩猩的方法去森林裡拜訪他們.
(-ing作方式狀語.注意非謂語動詞作狀語時的區別:-ing主動/進行/延續,-ed被動/過去,to do主動/將來)
4.It seemed that she had been very busy in her chosen carrer travelling abroad to study as well as writing books and articles 看起來她忙於所選擇的和寫作一樣的到國外研究.
(It seemed that+從句:似乎是,看起來好像是. as well as 還有)
5.What made her succeed later on was the kindness and consideration she showed to all her patients
後來使她成功的是她對所有病人獻出的愛心和體貼.
(What made her succeed主語從句.了解what引導的名詞性從句的譯法,明白它們在句中的成分:作主語、賓語、表語、同位語)
語法剖析(主謂一致)
主謂一致,指人稱和數方面的一致關係.分爲:語法一致, 內容一致, 就近一致.
(一) 語法一致原則: 即主語爲單數,謂語用單數,主語爲複數,謂語也用複數.以下爲注意事項:
1. 單數主語即使後面帶有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引導的短語, 謂語動詞仍用單數.如: Air as well as water is matter. 空氣和水都是物質.No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了兩個僕人外, 沒有一個人遲來用餐.
2. 用and連接的並列主語,如果主語是同一個人,同一事,同一概念, 謂語動詞用單數, 否則用複數.如:
The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了.(一個人)
A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 錘子和鋸都是有用的工具. (兩樣物)
用and連接的成對名詞習慣上被看成是一個整體, 如:bread and butter(黃油抹麵包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.
3. 不定式(短語), 動名詞(短語), 或從句作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數. 如:
Serving the people is my great happiness.
爲人民服務是我最大的幸福.
When we』ll go out for an outing has been decided.
我們什麼時候出去郊遊已決定了.
4. 用連接的並列主語被each, every 或no修飾時, 謂語動詞用單數.
Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳.
No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 沒有老師也沒有學生開會缺席.
Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每個男人和每個女人都被請去幫忙.
5. each of + 複數代詞, 謂語動詞用單數. 複數代詞+each, 謂語動詞用單數.如:
Each of us has something to say. 我們每個人都有話要說.
6. 若主語中有more than one 或many a/an , 儘管從意義上看是複數, 但它的謂語動詞仍用單數. 但more+複數名詞+than one做主語時, 謂語動詞仍用複數. 如:
Many a boy likes playing basketball. 許多男生都喜歡打籃球.
More than one student was late. 不只一個學生遲到
More persons than one come to help us. 不止一個人來幫助我們.
7. none 做主語時,謂語動詞可用單數, 也可用複數; 但在代表不可數的東西時總是看作單數,因而謂語動詞要用單數. 如:
None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人.
None of this worries me. 這事一點不使我著急.
8. 名詞如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主語時, 謂語動詞必須用複數. 如:
His clothes are good. 但這些名詞前若出現 a pair of , 謂語一般用單數.如:
A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼鏡.
9. 形復意單名詞如:news ; 以ics 結尾的學科名稱如: physics, mathematics, economics; 國名如: the United States; 報紙名如: the New Times; 書名如: Arabian Night ; 以及The United Nations 等作主語時, 謂語動詞用單數.
10. 「a +名詞+and a half 「, 「one and a half + 名詞」, 「the number of + 名詞」 等作主語時, 謂語動詞要用單數. 如:
Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
注意: one or two + 複數名詞作主語, 謂語動詞用複數形式, 如:
One or two places have been visited. 參觀了一兩個地點.
(二) 內容一致原則:
1.主語中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及」分數或百分數+名詞」做主語時,謂語動詞單複數取決於連用的名詞.如:
The rest of the bikes are on sale today. 剩下的自行車, 今天出售.
60%of the apple was eaten by little boy. 這個蘋果的60%都被這個小男孩吃了.
Most of the apples were rotten. 大部分的蘋果都是爛的.
Most of the apple was eaten by a rat. 這個蘋果的大部分被老鼠吃了.
2. 不定數量的詞組, 如:part of , a lot of , lots of , one of , a number of , plenty of等作主語時, 謂語動詞的單複數取決於量詞後面名詞的數.如:
A part of the textbooks have arrived. 一小部分教科書已運到.
A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig. 這個蘋果的一部分被豬吃光了.
3. 加減乘除用單數.如:
Fifteen minus five is ten . 15減去5等於10.
4. 表示時間, 金錢, 距離, 度量等的名詞做主語時, 儘管是複數形式, 它們做爲一個單一的概念時, 其謂語動詞用單數.如:
Ten miles is a good distance. 十英里是一個相當的距離.
5. (1) 通常作複數的集體名詞. 包括police , people, cattle 等, 這些集體名詞通常用作複數.如:
The British police have only very limited powers.
(2) 通常作不可數名詞的集體名詞. 包括equipment, furniture, clothing, luggage 等.
(3) 可作單數也可作複數的集體名詞. 包括 audience, committee, government, family, enemy, group, party, team, public 等.如:
The committee has/have decided to dismiss him. 委員會決定解僱他.
6. the +形容詞/過去分詞形式」表示一類人或事物, 作主語時, 謂語動詞用複數.如:
The injured were saved after the fire.
(三) 就近原則
1. 由here, there, where 等引導的倒裝句中, (有時主語不止一個時)謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致.如:
Here comes the bus 公共汽車來了.
Here is a pen and some pieces of paper for you. 給你一支鋼筆和幾張紙.
Where is your wife and children to stay while you are away?
你不在這兒的時候, 你愛人和孩子在哪兒呆呢?
2. 用連詞or, either. or, neither….nor, not only….but also 等連接的並列主語, 謂語動詞與靠近它的主語在數上一致. 如:
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it 學生和老師都不知道這事.
He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆.
注意: one of +複數名詞+who/that/which 引導的定語從句中, 定語從句的動詞爲複數.如:
Mary is one of those people who keep pets. 瑪麗是飼養寵物者之一.
The only one of +複數名詞+ who/that./which 引導的定語從句中,定語從句的動詞應爲單數.
Mary is the only one of those people who keeps pets. 瑪麗是唯一一個飼養寵物的人.
重要詞彙拓展
1 sunburn v.日曬,曬黑→sunburnt adj.曬黑的
2 struggle v./n.掙扎,奮鬥,努力 struggle against struggle for struggle with
3 decade n.十年,十年期
4 super n.冗員, 額外人員; [口]特級品, 特大號商品; 超級市場adj特級的, 極好的, 非凡的
5. hunger n.飢餓,渴望/v.使飢餓→hungry adj.飢餓的;渴望的
6.output n. 產量,輸出,input 輸入,消費
7.disturbing adj 引起煩惱的,令人不安的,disturb v. 打擾,麻煩
8.expand vt.擴大, 擴展,張開, 使發, 詳談; 引伸
9. circulate v.循環,流通→circulation n.循環,流傳
10. battle n.戰役,戰鬥 v.搏鬥,奮鬥
11. therefore adv.因此,所以
12. rid vt 擺脫,除去
13.freedom n 自由,自主→ free adj 自由的,免費的
14.equip v.配備,裝備→equipment n.設備
15. export v.輸出,出口 n.輸出(品)→import v.輸入,進口 n.進口(品)
16.nationality n 國籍,national adj 國家的,民族的 nation n. 國家
17.occupation n 工作,職業,占領 occupy v.占用,使從事,把注意力集中於...占領, 占據
18.confuse v.使迷惑,使爲難→confused adj.感到迷惑的 confusing adj.令人迷惑的
19 regret v./n.後悔,遺憾→regretful adj.後悔的,遺憾的
20.production n.生產,製造,productive 可生產的,可製造的,produce –v 生產,製造
21.discovery n. 發現,發覺,discover-v 發現,
22.focus v. 集中,聚焦,n 焦點,中心點
23. reduce v.減少,縮減→reduction n.減少,縮減
24 comment n./v.評論,議論
重點短語梳理
1 if not 如果不…. If so 如果這樣,
2.consider oneself sth 自認爲是… consider sb sth 認爲某人是…
3.since then 從那時起
4.search for a way to do sth 尋找做某事的途徑.
5.thanks to 幸虧,由於,因爲 (to爲介詞)
6.rid…of… 擺脫,除去 get rid of 除去…
7. be satisfied with 對……感到滿意
8 would rather do than do寧願,寧可…也不…=would do rather than do
9with the hope of 滿懷希望..
10.in some way 在某種程度上
11.cause damage to 對… 造成危害.
12.build up 增強,強大
13. lead to 導致,造成(to爲介詞)
14. focus on 集中(注意力、精力等)於
15. keep…from/of 使……免受(影響、傷害等)
重點句型再現
1. Dr Yuan Longping grows what is called super hybrid rice.
袁隆平博士種植的是被稱爲「超級雜交水稻」的稻種.
(what引導的名詞性從句在句中作賓語)
2. The special strain of rice makes it possible to produce one-third more of the crop in the same field. 這種特殊的稻種使得同樣的田地多收穫三分之一的產量.
(makes it possible 中it爲形式賓語,to do不定式短語爲真正賓語)
3. It’s a great pity that 很遺憾的是….
4.Using his hybrid rice,farmers are producing harvest twice as large as before.
由於使用了他的雜質水稻,農民的豐收是以前的兩倍.
(-ing動詞短語作原因狀語)
語法剖析(非謂語動詞---動詞的-ing形式作主語和賓語)
一、動詞-ing形式作主語
● 動詞-ing形式作主語常用來表示經常性和習慣性的動作.動詞-ing形式作主語通常放在句首,謂語用單數形式.例如:Listening to music is my sister’s hobby.
● 動詞-ing形式作主語時,爲了保持句子平衡,可以用it作形式主語.常用的結構:
1. It is + no use / no good / useless etc.+ v-ing
2. It is + nice / good / interesting / a waste of … etc. + v-ing 例如:
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
二、動詞-ing形式作賓語
● 動詞-ing形式既可作動詞的賓語,又可作介詞的賓語.
1. 以下動詞或短語只接動詞-ing形式作賓語:
admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, suggest等動詞; can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, think of, set about, dream of 等短語.
2. 在下列短語中,to是介詞,後面應用動詞-ing形式作賓語:
be / get used to, look forward to, devote…to, pay attention to, object to等.
3. 下列動詞或短語既可以跟動詞-ing形式作賓語,也可以跟不定式作賓語,但意義上有區別:
● like, love, prefer如表示經常性的行爲後接動詞-ing形式;如表示具體的行爲常用動詞不定式,但要注意:如果like, love, prefer前有would,後面則接動詞不定式.如:Would you like to go shopping with me?
● 下列幾組詞接動詞-ing形式作賓語和不定式作賓語含義不同:
forget doing 忘記已做過某事; forget to do 忘記要做某事
remember doing 記得做過某事; remember to do 記住要做某事
mean doing 意思是,意味著; mean to do 打算做
regret doing 後悔做過某事; regret to do 遺憾要做某事
can’t help doing 禁不住做; can’t help (to) do 不能幫忙做.
● 在allow, permit, advise等動詞後直接跟動詞-ing形式作賓語,如果這些詞後面有名詞或代詞作賓語,其後要用動詞不定式作賓語補足語.如:
We don’t allow smoking in the classroom.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
● 動詞need, require, want作「需要」解時,其後用動詞-ing的主動形式或不定式的被動形式作賓語,這時動詞-ing的主動形式表被動意義.如:
Your coat wants washing. = Your coat wants to be washed.
三、動詞-ing的複合結構
動詞-ing的複合結構即:物主代詞或名詞所有格(作賓語時也可以用代詞賓格或名詞普通格) + 動詞-ing.如:
Lucy’s turning up surprised everyone present.
Would you mind my / me using your mobile phone?
四、動詞-ing的時態、語態以及否定形式動詞-ing有一般式(doing) 和完成式 (having done) 兩種時態,一般式的被動語態是being done,完成式的被動語態是having been done.動詞-ing的完成式所表示的動作發生在謂語動詞的動作之前.
動詞-ing的否定形式是在doing之前加not.例如:
I’m sorry for not having told you the news earlier.
英語翻譯123團隊幫您
學習快樂.
及時採納. 要守信哦.
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