初中英語所有重點語法 短語 句型 義務教育課程標準實驗教科書 希望能標出學期和單元就是重點的詞組 重要的語法 重要的句型
題目:
初中英語所有重點
語法 短語 句型 義務教育課程標準實驗教科書 希望能標出學期和單元
就是重點的詞組 重要的語法 重要的句型 其實就是 希望幫忙整理複習資料
解答:
一. 「主謂一致」這個常見的語法名稱,是用來強調句子的主語與謂語在人稱、數兩方面的一致,協調搭配.例如:He studies very hard . 一句中的主語是He,是第三人稱單數形式,這就決定了謂語動詞是study的第三人稱單數形式,即studies,這是主謂一致中最普遍、最常見的一種,稱爲「語法一致」,類似的句子還有如:The number of teachers is growing .(主語是number,謂語系動詞用is)等.
主謂一致的另一種情況是意義上的一致,也就是由主語的實際意義而不是形式來決定謂語動詞的形式,包括兩種情況:
1. 主語爲集合名詞,要根據實際意義確定謂語動詞.例如:
類似的詞語還有:class,team,company,crowd,public等等.
(請同學們根據所學知識完成以下翻譯練習)
(1)這支足球隊由20人組成.
(2)全體隊員都熱情高漲.
值得注意的是,有些集合名詞是只用其複數意義的,如people和police,其意義分別爲「人民」和「警方」,如果單指「人」和「警察」,則用person(s)和policeman / policemen(或police woman / police weman)
如:The police have surrounded the building .(警方包圍了房子)
2. 主語形式上爲複數,但實際意義爲單數,則謂語動詞用單數形式,常見的詞有news,physics,politics和mathematics(maths)等.
如:The news was very exciting .
主謂一致的第三種情況是就近一致,也就是謂語動詞的人稱與單複數形式是由離它最近的那個主語決定的,這種情況多在There be句型,和由連詞or,either… or …,neither … nor …以及not only … but also …連接的句子中出現.
例如:
A book or some magazines are needed .
二. 幾個需要注意的問題:
1. 當表示度量、距離、金額、時間、書名等的複數名詞或名詞短語做主語時,根據意義一致原則,將該名詞看作一個整體,其謂語動詞用單數形式.如:
Three years has passed and the little boy became a young man .
Two dollars is two much for me .
The Tales of Two Cities was written by Charles Dickens .
2. 在由all / half / none / most / the rest / a lot / 分數(百分數)+ of + n.這種形式的短語做主語的句子中,其謂語動詞要由詞組中的名詞來決定.如:
Half of the apple is rotten . Half of the students are new .
3. 兩個或兩個以上的並列主語是指同一個人或同一事物、同一概念時,謂語動詞用單數形式.如:
Sprite and ice is my favourite drink .
The reporter and driver was hurt in the accident .
4. 由定冠詞the + 形容詞(或分詞)來構成的短語做主語時,要根據該短語的實際意義來確定謂語的形式,一般情況下該類短語都表示某一類人,如:the rich富人,the old老人,the sick病人,等等.但有時也用來表示某一個人,總體來說,前者的用法較多,如:
The sick was Tom’s father . The wounded were well treated .
5. 在主語後跟有as well as,(together / along)with,except,but,besides,rather than,like等詞 / 短語所引導的短語,使完成謂語動詞所表示的動作的邏輯主語不止一個人或一種事物,這時謂語動詞的形式仍要按照句子主語的形式變化,而不考慮這些短語的內容.如:
He , as well as his two sisters , likes art better than science .
The teacher , rather than the students , is responsible for the accident .
6. 主語是由more than one或many a來修飾的名詞短語時,其謂語動詞往往採用單數形式.如:
More than one student has already seen the film .
Many a ship has been destroyed in the battle .
7. 由不定代詞each和every來修飾的名詞,即使用and連接形成多個主語的情況下,謂語動詞也使用單數形式.如:
Every boy and every girl wants to serve the people in future .
一. 現在完成時的時間狀語
現在完成時的時間狀語(包括副詞、短語、從句等)主要有三種類型,分別用於不同意義的句子之中.
1. 表達「現在剛剛完成」的動作:
副詞:just, already, yet, recently(lately, etc)
短語:so far, these +(最近)一段時間,etc
2. 表達某種經歷或經驗
副詞:ever, never, once, twice, before, etc
常用句:How many times…?
3. 表達「過去繼續到現在的動作或狀態」,常與for和since連用,如:
for two weeks, for a long time
since + 過去時間點 / n. / 一段時間 + ago / 一般過去時的從句
在以上的時間狀語中需要認真區別的就是「since + 一段時間 + ago」這個結構,它與「一段時間 + ago」含義不同,前者爲時間段,後者爲時間點.
二. 一般過去時與現在完成時的比較
1. 在表達「過去的經歷、經驗」的概念時,如果時間不確定,用現在完成時,如果時間確定,則用一般過去時.
eg.
I』ve met him before.
I met him two days ago.
2. 在when或what time引導的特殊疑問句中,不能用現在完成時.
eg.
When have you visited New York?
When did you visit New York?
3. 過去發生的連串動作,如用and, but, or, so等對等連詞連接,要用一般過去時.
三. 延續性動詞與瞬間動詞
非延續性動詞,即瞬間動詞,所謂延續性動詞,又稱爲持續性動詞,即可以表示持久動作或狀態的動詞,如drink, eat, read, play, fly, talk等詞,這些動詞有以下特點:
(1)可以和表示時間段的狀語連用
The students have played for an hour.
Mr. Green has read for about four hours.
He will stay there for two weeks.
(2)可以用於進行時態
I am writing an important letter.
It was raining hard when we got off the rain.
瞬間動詞,也叫終止性動詞,暫時性動詞或「點動詞」,如open / close, leave, come, go, put, arrive, finish, borrow, lend, marry等動作在極短的瞬間時間內完成的,也就是說該動作一發生即直接轉入結束,結果狀態,這類詞有以下特點:
(1)不能和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用,試看以下例句:
① 我感冒一個星期了.
② 五天來我一直穿著那些藍上衣.
(2)瞬間動詞的否定形式可以表示狀態,也就可以和「時間段」的狀語連用.
如:I』ve not heard from him for a month.
I didn’t go to bed until 12 o』clock.
(3)瞬間動詞用於進行時態時,一般指重複動作,而不是指一次動作,如:
He was jumping to keep warm.
He was knocking at the door.
延續性動詞與瞬間動詞可以在不同的句子結構或不同時態的句子之間進行相互轉換,表達相同的意思,如:
電影已經放映十分鐘了.
這兩種動詞的相互轉換有三種形式:
1. 將瞬間的詞轉換成爲延續性動詞,並與表示時間段的狀語連用.
(1)
(2)
常用的這類轉換有lend / borrow → keep,buy → have,join → be in,marry → be married,open / close → be open / closed,die → be dead等,試完成這個句子轉換:
John borrowed the book three days ago.
John the book three days.
2. 用「It is + 時間段 + since」句型進行轉換,如:
He has studied in our school for four years.
It is four years since he came to study in our school.
在這類轉換中,since所引導的從句爲一般過去時,且謂語動詞多爲瞬間動詞,試完成這個句子的轉換:
Her mother died two years ago.
It is since .
3. 用「時間段 + has passed + since」句型進行轉換,如:
I have been in the army for two years.
Two years has passed since I joined the army.
由此可見,剛才的句子「電影放映十分鐘了」,還可以用上述的2、3句型來表達,即:
It is ten minutes since the film began.
和Ten minutes has passed since the film began.
1. 簡單句和複合句
(1)只有一個主語(或並列主語)和一個謂語(或並列謂語)的句子叫簡單句.根據句子的結構,簡單句可分爲5種:
① 主語+不及物動詞(S + V)
② 主語+系動詞+表語(S + V + P)
③ 主語+及物動詞+賓語(S + V + O)
④ 主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語(S + V + IO + DO)
⑤ 主語+及物動詞+賓語+賓語補足語(S + V + O + P)
另外,還有一種特殊的There be句型
根據句子的功能,簡單句又可分爲陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感嘆句.
(2)複合句是由一個主句加一個或幾個從句所構成的句子,從句只用作句子的一個成分,不能獨立,根據從句在句中的作用,可分爲名詞性從句,定語從句和狀語從句三類,賓語從句是名詞性從句的一種.
2. 名詞性從句
名詞性從句包括主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句.
(1)主語從句在句中作主語一般情況下由於從句較長,如果放在主句謂語動詞之前,會失去句子平衡,所以會使用it作形式主語,而將從句放在主句之後.
eg. It is strange that you like this scary film . What we need is more time .
(2)表語從句在句中作表語,位於主句的系動詞之後.
eg. The question is who can complete the difficult task .
He looked as if he was going to cry .
(3)同位語從句跟在名詞後面,進一步說明該名詞的具體內容.
eg. She asked the reason why there was a delay .
The news that our team has won the match is true .
3. 賓語從句
(1)賓語從句在句中作及物動詞或介詞的賓語,常用的引導賓語從句的連詞有that , whether 和if ; 代詞有who , whose , what , which以及副詞when , where , how , why等.
eg. I want to know if he will come . Do you know who they are waiting for ?
We can learn what we did not know .
如果主句的謂語動詞是及物動詞make , find , see , hear及think等詞的時候,一般將賓
語從句置於賓語補足語之後,用it作爲形式賓語.
eg. We find it rseful that we practise spoken English every day .
這類句子一般也可以轉換成爲:We find it useful to practise spoken English every day . 另外,一些表語形容詞(如sure , happy , glad , afraid等)之後也可以帶一個從句,這類從句同樣屬於賓語從句.
eg. We are sure that our class will win . I am afraid that the weather may be worse .
(2)關聯詞 if和whether在多數情況下是可以互換的,但在以下n種情況中只能用whether , 不能用if表示「是否」.
① 用在介詞之後
It all depends on whether they will support us .
② 後面跟動詞不定式時
He doesn’t know whether to stay or to leave .
③ 後面緊跟or not時
We didn’t know whether she was ready or not .
④ 用if有時會引起歧義
如:Please tell me if you like it .
(3)直接引語和間接引語
引述別人的語言爲直接引語,與主句用逗號隔開並放在引號內;用自己的話轉述別人的話叫間接引語,用連接詞與主句聯連,無標點限制,這兩種引語都是賓語從句,可以進行相互轉換.
① 陳述句變爲以that引導的賓語從句
He said , 「 I’m very glad . 」 He said that he was very glad .
② 一般疑問句變爲if / whether引導的賓語從句
He said , 「 Can you come this afternoon , John ? 」 He asked John if he could come that afternoon .
③ 特殊疑問句變爲由who , what , when等詞引導的賓語從句.
He said , 「 Where is Mr Wang ? 」 He asked whose Mr Wang was .
要注意上述例句中時態、人稱代詞、時間狀語的變化,當主句中的動詞爲一般過去時態時,間接引語動詞定代也要相互調整:
原時態 一般現在時 現在進行時 一般將來時 現在完成時、一般過去時
變後時態 一般過去時 過去進行時 過去將來時 過去完成時
一. 構成:to + 動詞原形
二. 特徵:
1. 不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特徵,同時也保留動詞的特徵,它有自己的賓語和狀語,來構成不定式短語.
eg .
I want to go there by bike .
2. 動詞不定式沒有人稱和數的變化,但有時態的變化.
(1)動詞不定式的一般式:「to + 動詞原形」
eg .
I am glad to meet you again . I want to go to the concert .
(2)動詞不定式的完成式:「to have + 動詞的過去分詞」.
eg .
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for a long time .
三. 用法:
1. 作主語(如果不定式短語過長,可以把此短語放在句尾,主語的位置可以用it來替換,叫做形式主語)
eg .
在it作形式主語的句子中,某些形容詞之後,不定式之前常帶有for sb,這類形容詞有:easy,difficult,hard,interesting,necessary等.而在某些形容詞之後,不定式之前常帶有of sb,這類形容詞有:nice,good,kind,clever,foolish,careful,polite等.
eg .
It is hard for me to clean up the whole room in an hour .
It is necessary for us to go over the lessons every day .
It is kind of you to say so .
It is polite of her to say hello to us .
2. 作賓語
eg .
She wants to invite us to her birthday party .
No one would like to talks with him .
He tried to save money every month .
▲在某些複合賓語中可用it代表不定式,叫做形式賓語,將真正的賓語放在句尾.
eg .
He found it difficult to listen to the teacher carefully .
We thought it necessary to ask for her advice .
▲在某些動詞的後面,既可以用不定式作賓語,又可以用動名詞作賓語,但在意義上有所不同.
eg .
(1)stop doing表示「停止做(正在做的事情)」
stop to do表示「停下來,去做……」
比較:Let’s stop listening to the music , shall we ? 讓我們停止聽音樂,好嗎?
Let’s stop to listen to the music , shall we ? 讓我們停下來,聽聽音樂好嗎?
(2)remember / forget doing 記得 / 忘記(已做過的)事情
remember / forget to do 記得 / 忘記(要去做的)事情
比較:I remember taking him to the farthest island . 我記得帶他去過那個最遠的島.
Please remember to keep in touch with me . 請記住與我保持聯繫.
I forgot lending him my dictionary . 我忘記了我借過他我的字典.
Don’t forget to call me on time . 請不要忘記準時給我打電話.
3. 作賓語補足語
eg .
He asked me to treat his cat carefully .
Our teachers told us not to play football on the street .
Would you like me to go fishing with you ?
▲在make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,watch等動詞後的複合賓語,不定式都不帶to.
eg .
Did you notice him go downstairs ?
I saw a bird fly over the tree just now .
The boss makes the workers work for twelve hours every day .
4. 作定語
eg .
I have a letter to write today .
We have got a lot of books to read .
We must find a person to do the work .
▲若不定式與之所修飾的名詞具有邏輯上的動賓關係,而不定式是不及物動詞,那麼它後面應加上必要的介詞.
eg .
We have enough rooms to live in .
Zhang nan is a girl to get along well with .
5. 作狀語(不定式作狀語,可以修飾動詞表示目的,結果或原因)
eg .
He works hard to earn more money .
He is too angry to say a word .
We are surprised to find him here .
6. 作表語(主要說明主語的內容)
eg .
His nobby is to read books .
Our duty is to keep the classroom clean and tidy .
7. 不定式與疑問詞連用
eg .
I can’t decide which one to choose .
Tell me when to set off .
No one told me where to have the meeting .
各種不同時態的主動語態與被動語態的對比
時態 主動語態 被動語態
一般現在時
am / is / are + P.P. (1)Do they speak French ?
(2)They don’t use the room . Is French spoken by them ?
The room isn’t used by them .
一般過去時
was / were + p.p. (1)The hunter killed a tiger .
(2)He wrote many stories last year . A tiger was killed by the hunter .
Many stories was written by him last year .
現在進行時
am / is / are +being +p.p. (1)These workers are building a new bridge .
(2)He is mending his car . A new bridge is being built by these workers .
His car is being mended by him .
過去進行時
was / were + being + p.p. (1)He was selling books .
(2)They were discussing the plan at that time . Books were being built by him .
The plan was being discussed by them at that time .
現在完成時
have / has + been + p. p. (1)She has learned many English words .
(2)He has finished the work . Many English words have been learned by her .
The work has been finished by him .
過去完成時
had + been + p.p. (1)They has solved the problem .
(2)We had told him the news by then . The problem had been solved by them .
The news had been told to him by us .
一般將來時
shall / will be + p.p. (1)I shall make a plan .
(2)They are going to fix the radio in an hour . A plan will be made by me .
The radio is going to be fixed by them in an hour .
過去將來時
would be + p.p.
was/ were going to be + p.p. (1)He told me they would paint the room .
(2)They were going to put on a play the next week . He told me the room would be painted by them .
A play was going to be put by them the next week .
情態動詞
can / may / must / should
+ be + p.p. (1)We should hand in our homework .
(2)You must answer the question in English . Our homework should be handed in by us .
The question must be
answered in English by you .
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