求一篇關於計算機的文章,要有英語翻譯.急

題目：

求一篇關於計算機的文章,要有英語翻譯.急

解答：

計算機發展及現狀
計算機網絡是計算機技術和通信技術緊密結合的產物,它涉及到通信與計算機兩個領域.它的誕生使計算機體系結構發生了巨大變化,在當今社會經濟中起著非常重要的作用,它對人類社會的進步做出了巨大貢獻.從某種意義上講,計算機網絡的發展水平不僅反映了一個國家的計算機科學和通信技術水平,而且已經成爲衡量其國力及現代化程度的重要標誌之一.
自50年代開始,人們及各種組織機構使用計算機來管理他們的信息的速度迅速增長.早期,限於技術條件使得當時的計算機都非常龐大和非常昂貴,任何機構都不可能爲僱員個人提供使用整個計算機,主機一定是共享的,它被用來存儲和組織數據、集中控制和管理整個系統.所有用戶都有連接系統的終端設備,將資料庫錄入到主機中處理,或者是將主機中的處理結果,通過集中控制的輸出設備取出來.它最典型的特徵是：通過主機系統形成大部分的通信流程,構成系統的所有通信協議都是系統專有的,大型主機在系統中占據著絕對的支配作用,所有控制和管理功能都是由主機來完成.
隨著計算機技術的不斷發展,尤其是大量功能先進的個人計算機的問世,使得每一個人可以完全控制自己的計算機,進行他所希望的作業處理,以個人計算機（PC）方式呈現的計算能力發展成爲獨立的平台,導致了一種新的計算結構---分布式計算模式的誕生.
一般來講,計算機網絡的發展可分爲四個階段：
第一階段：計算機技術與通信技術相結合,形成計算機網絡的雛形；
第二階段：在計算機通信網絡的基礎上,完成網絡體系結構與協議的研究,形成了計算機網絡；
第三階段：在解決計算機連網與網絡互連標準化問題的背景下,提出開放系統互連參考模型與協議,促進了符合國際標準的計算機網絡技術的發展；
第四階段：計算機網絡向互連、高速、智能化方向發展,並獲得廣泛的應用.
任何一種新技術的出現都必須具備兩個條件：即強烈的社會需求與先期技術的成熟.計算機網絡技術的形成與發展也證實了這條規律.1946年世界上第一台電子數字計算機ENIAC在美國誕生時,計算機技術與通信技術並沒有直接的聯繫.50年代初,由於美國軍方的需要,美國半自動地面防空系統SAGE進行了計算機技術與通信技術相結合的嘗試.要實現這樣的目的,首先要完成數據通信技術的基礎研究.在這項研究的基礎上,人們完全可以將地理位置分散的多個終端通信線路連到一台中心計算機上.用戶可以在自己的辦公室內的終端鍵入程序,通過通信線路傳送到中心計算機,人們把這種以單個爲中心的聯機系統稱做面向終端的遠程聯機系統.它是計算機通信網絡的一種.60年代初美國航空公司建成的由一台計算機與分布在全美國的2000多個終端組成的航空訂票系統SABRE-1就是這種計算機通信網絡.
隨著計算機應用的發展,出現了多台計算機互連的需求.這種需求主要來自軍事、科學研究、地區與國家經濟信息分析決策、大型企業經營管理.他們希望將分布在不同地點的計算機通過通信線路互連成爲計算機-計算機網絡.網絡用戶可以通過計算機使用本地計算機的軟體、硬體與數據資源,也可以使用連網的其它地方計算機軟體、硬體與數據資源,以達到計算機資源共享的目的.這一階段研究的典型代表是美國國防部高級研究計劃局（ARPA,Advanced Research Projects Agency）的ARPAnet(通常稱爲ARPA網).1969年ARPA網只有4個結點,1973年發展到40個結點,1983年已經達到100多個結點.ARPA網通過有線、無線與衛星通信線路,使網絡覆蓋了從美國本土到歐洲與夏威夷的廣闊地域.ARPR網是計算機網絡技術發展的一個重要的里程碑,它對發展計算機網絡技術的主要貢獻表現在以下幾個方面：
1、完成了對計算機網絡的定義、分類與子課題研究內容的描述；
2、提出了資源子網、通信子網的兩級網絡結構的概念；
3、研究了報文分組交換的數據交換方法；
4、採用了層次結構的網絡體系結構模型與協議體系.
未來計算機與計算機技術
計算機的要害技術繼續發展
未來的計算機技術將向超高速、超小型、平行處理、智能化的方向發展.儘管受到物理極限的約束,採用矽晶片的計算機的核心部件CPU的性能還會持續增長.作爲Moore定律驅動下成功企業的典範Inter預計2001年推出1億個電晶體的微處理器,並預計在2010年推出集成10億個電晶體的微處理器,其性能爲10萬MIPS（1000億條指令／秒）.而每秒100萬億次的超級計算機將出現在本世紀初出現.超高速計算機將採用平行處理技術,使計算機系統同時執行多條指令或同時對多個數據進行處理,這是改進計算機結構、提高計算機運行速度的要害技術.
同時計算機將具備更多的智能成分,它將具有多種感知能力、一定的思考與判定能力及一定的自然語言能力.除了提供自然的輸入手段（如語音輸入、手寫輸入）外,讓人能產生身臨其境感覺的各種交互設備已經出現,虛擬實境技術是這一領域發展的集中體現.
傳統的磁存儲、光碟存儲容量繼續攀升,新的海量存儲技術趨於成熟,新型的存儲器每立方厘米存儲容量可達10TB（以一本書30萬字計,它可存儲約1500萬本書）.信息的永久存儲也將成爲現實,千年存儲器正在研製中,這樣的存儲器可以抗干擾、抗高溫、防震、防水、防腐蝕.如是,今日的大量文獻可以原汁原味保存、並流芳百世.
新型計算機系統不斷湧現
矽晶片技術的高速發展同時也意味著矽技術越來越近其物理極限,爲此,世界各國的研究人員正在加緊研究開發新型計算機,計算機從體系結構的變革到器件與技術革命都要產生一次量的乃至質的飛躍.新型的量子計算機、光子計算機、生物計算機、納米計算機等將會在21世紀走進我們的生活,遍布各個領域.
Computer development and the present situation
The computer network is computer technology and communication technology in the combination of product, it involves communication and computer two fields. Its birth make computer architecture, great changes have taken place in today's social economy plays a very important role, it to the progress of human society made great contribution. In a sense, the development of computer network level not only reflect a nation's computer science and communications technology level, and has become to measure its national strength and modernization degree one of the important marks.
Since the 1950s, people and start organizations use computer to manage their information speed rapid growth. Early, limited to technical conditions such that computers are very large and very expensive, any agencies are not for personal use of the entire computer provide employees, host must be Shared, it is used to store and organize data, centralized control and management of the whole system. All customers have connection system of terminal equipment, will database into the host in processing, perhaps will host the deal, and through the centralized control output devices taken out. It is the most typical features are: the host system formed by most of the communication process, constitute a system all communication protocols are proprietary, mainframes in system occupies a absolute domination, all control and management functions are made by host to complete.
Along with the development of computer technology, especially large function of advanced of the personal computer was published, makes each one can fully control their own computer, he hoped assignments of treatment to personal computer (PC) non-ending computing power to become independent platform, causing a new calculation structure - distributed computing model was born.
Generally speaking, the development of computer network can be divided into four stages:
The first stage: the computer technology and communication technology should be combined to form the rudiment of computer network,
The second stage: in computer communication network, on the basis of the complete network architecture and protocols research, forming a computer network,
The third stage: in solving computer networking with network interconnection standardization, under the background of the reference model proposed open systems interconnection agreement, promoted the accord with international standard of the development of the computer network technology,
Fourth step: computer network to the interconnection, high-speed and intelligent direction, and a wide range of applications.
A kind of any new technique appears must have two requirements: namely strong social demand and prior technology maturity. Computer network technology to the formation and development also confirmed this rule. 1946 the world's first digital electronic computer ENIAC was born in the United States, computer technology and communication technology and no direct link. The early 50s, because the U.S. military needs, American semi-automatic ground defense systems SAGE the computer technology and communication technology combining attempt. To achieve such a goal, we must first complete data communication technology of basic research. In this study, on the basis of one can completely will geographical position scattered multiple terminal communications lines connected to a central computer. Users can in his office terminal type process through communication lines teleport to a central computer, people put this single center for online system oriented to the remote terminal called the online system. It is a kind of computer communication network. In the early 1960s American airlines built by a computer and distribution in the American more than 2000 terminals composed of airline reservation systems SABRE - 1 is this kind of computer communication network.
Along with the development of computer application, appeared more computers interconnected demand. This demand, mainly from the military, scientific research, regional and national economic information analysis and decision, large enterprise management. They hope will distribution in different locations through the computer communication lines to become computer - computer network interconnection. Internet users can through computer USES the local computer hardware, software and data resources, also can use networking other parts of the computer software, hardware and data resources, in order to achieve the purpose of computer resources sharing. This one phase Research is the typical representative of by the us defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA on Projects Agency), true of the NCP (often called ARPA network). In 1969 ARPA nets only four nodes in 1973, development to 40 node, 1983 has reached more than 100 nodes. ARPA nets by wire, radio and satellite communication lines, network covers from native American to Europe and Hawaii's wide geographic areas. ARPR net is computer network technology development of an important milestone, it to develop the main contribution of computer network technology performance in the following aspects:
1, the completion of the computer network based on the definition, classification and research contents of description,
2, puts forward a resource subnet, communication subnet two levels of network structure; the idea of
3, study the message packet-switched data exchange method,
4, adopts the hierarchical structure of network architecture model and protocol architecture.
The future of computer and computer technology
Computer key technology continues to develop
The future of computer technology to ultra-high speed, small-sized, parallel processing, intelligent direction. In spite of physical limits of constraint by using silicon chips computer the core component of CPU performance will be sustained growth. As Moore's law is driven by a successful business model Inter is expected to launch 100 million transistors in 2001 the microprocessor, and expected to launch in 2010 integrated one billion transistors microprocessor, its performance for 10 million the MIPS (1000 items of instruction/SEC). And 100 trillion times per second of the super computer will appear in the start of the decade. Super-fast computers will adopts parallel processing technology, make the computer system and execute multiple instructions or simultaneously with multiple data processing, this is improved computer structure and improving computer running speed of key technology.
While the computer will have more intelligent composition, it will have a variety of perception, the certain thinking and judgement ability and a natural language ability. In addition to providing natural input methods (such as speech input, handwritten input) outside, let a person can produce various delivered personally feeling